PAPP-A (Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A) Test
PAPP-A (Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A) Test
The PAPP-A (Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A) Test is a prenatal screening test used to assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13), during pregnancy. PAPP-A is a glycoprotein produced by the placenta, and its levels change throughout pregnancy.
Low levels of PAPP-A in early pregnancy may indicate an increased risk of fetal chromosomal abnormalities, placental dysfunction, or pregnancy complications such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia. The test is commonly performed as part of the first-trimester combined screening along with free Beta-hCG and nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound.
What is the PAPP-A Test Used For?
This test is used to:
- Screen for chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Trisomy 18.
- Evaluate placental function and fetal well-being.
- Assess the risk of pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
- Aid in early risk assessment, allowing further testing such as Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) or amniocentesis if needed.
Preparation for the Test
The test is usually performed between weeks 9 and 13 of pregnancy. No fasting is required. A blood sample is drawn from a vein for analysis. Results are interpreted along with free Beta-hCG levels and ultrasound findings.
Interpretation of Results
- Normal PAPP-A Levels: Indicate a low risk of chromosomal abnormalities and normal placental function.
- Low PAPP-A Levels (<0.4 MoM): May indicate an increased risk of chromosomal disorders or placental dysfunction.
- High PAPP-A Levels (>1.0 MoM): Generally not concerning but may be seen in larger-than-average fetuses.
FAQs
Is a low PAPP-A level a definite sign of Down syndrome?
No, it only suggests an increased risk. Further tests like NIPT, CVS, or amniocentesis are required for confirmation.
What happens if my PAPP-A level is low?
Your doctor may recommend closer monitoring, additional genetic testing, and fetal growth ultrasounds.
Can PAPP-A levels be improved?
No, but proper prenatal care, nutrition, and medical monitoring can help manage associated risks.
Is PAPP-A testing mandatory during pregnancy?
No, but it is highly recommended as part of first-trimester screening for fetal health evaluation.
What other tests are done with PAPP-A?
- Free Beta-hCG (first-trimester screening).
- Nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound.
- Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) for chromosomal abnormalities.
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