Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Panel Test
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Panel Test
The Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Panel is a collection of blood tests designed to evaluate underlying risk factors for abnormal clot formation. These tests assess inherited or acquired conditions that contribute to venous thromboembolism (VTE), such as DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE). Early identification of these factors is critical for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
What is the DVT Panel Used For?
This panel is essential for diagnosing:
- Inherited Clotting Disorders: Conditions like Factor V Leiden mutation and Protein C or S deficiencies.
- Acquired Clotting Risks: Antiphospholipid syndrome and other autoimmune disorders.
- Unexplained Thrombotic Events: Investigating blood clots with no apparent cause, especially in young patients.
- Monitoring High-Risk Scenarios: Assessing patients before surgery, during pregnancy, or while on hormone therapy.
Components of the DVT Panel
Activated Protein C Resistance (APCR)
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This test measures the body's response to activated protein C (APC), a natural anticoagulant that prevents excessive clotting. Resistance to APC is often due to the Factor V Leiden mutation, a genetic alteration in the Factor V protein. Individuals with this mutation are at significantly increased risk of DVT and other thrombotic events.
Antithrombin III Activity
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- Antithrombin is a critical protein that inhibits clotting enzymes such as thrombin and Factor Xa. This test measures the functional activity of antithrombin. Low activity levels may indicate an inherited deficiency or an acquired condition such as liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, or heparin therapy, all of which increase clotting risk.
Cardiolipin Antibodies (IgG, IgM)
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These antibodies are part of the antiphospholipid antibody group and target cardiolipin, a component of cell membranes. Elevated levels are linked to antiphospholipid syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that significantly increases the risk of blood clots, recurrent miscarriages, and complications during pregnancy.
Lupus Anticoagulant (dRVVT)
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This test detects lupus anticoagulants, which are autoantibodies that disrupt the normal clotting process by interfering with phospholipid-dependent reactions. The dilute Russell Viper Venom Test (dRVVT) is commonly used to confirm the presence of these antibodies. Lupus anticoagulants are associated with recurrent thrombotic events, particularly in antiphospholipid syndrome.
Protein C Activity
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Protein C is an essential anticoagulant that, when activated, works with Protein S to degrade clotting factors Va and VIIIa, preventing excessive clotting. Reduced activity may indicate an inherited Protein C deficiency or acquired conditions such as vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Protein S Activity
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Protein S serves as a cofactor for activated Protein C, enhancing its ability to regulate clot formation. This test measures Protein S levels or activity, which can be reduced in individuals with inherited deficiencies, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, or autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Symptoms Indicating the Need for the Test
This panel may be recommended if you experience
Persistent swelling, pain, or tenderness in one leg
Redness or warmth in the affected area
Sudden chest pain or shortness of breath, possibly indicative of a pulmonary embolism
Recurrent pregnancy losses or complications
A family history of thrombosis or clotting disorders
Preparation for the Test
- Medication Disclosure: Notify your healthcare provider of any anticoagulants or supplements you are taking, as these may impact results.
- Fasting: Not typically required unless specified by your physician.
- Sample Collection: Blood is drawn from a vein in your arm. Timing may be important, especially if you are experiencing an acute thrombotic event.
Interpretation of Results
Each test provides specific insights:
- Abnormal APCR: Suggests the presence of Factor V Leiden mutation.
- Low Antithrombin III Activity: Indicates an inherited deficiency or an acquired condition such as liver disease or heparin therapy.
- Elevated Cardiolipin Antibodies or Positive Lupus Anticoagulant: Confirms antiphospholipid syndrome, linked to increased clotting risk.
- Reduced Protein C or S Activity: Points to deficiencies that predispose to thrombosis, either inherited or acquired.
Abnormal results often require follow-up testing, including imaging studies or genetic analyses, for a comprehensive diagnosis.
FAQs
What does this panel detect?
It evaluates the risk of blood clots by analyzing genetic and acquired factors, such as protein deficiencies, autoantibodies, and clotting mutations.
Is the panel diagnostic for DVT?
No, while it identifies clotting risks, imaging studies like ultrasound are required to confirm the presence of a clot.
How long does it take to receive results?
Typically, results are available within 3–7 days, depending on the laboratory.
Are these conditions treatable?
Yes, treatment may include anticoagulants, lifestyle modifications, or addressing underlying conditions like autoimmune diseases.
Should family members also be tested?
Family screening is recommended if a hereditary clotting disorder is identified.
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